Hawaii Before the United States: Pre-colonial Society and Governance

Quick note: All sources for this article can be found hyperlinked within it.

I chose to write about this issue due to the recent fires in Lahaina, and I have found that doing research for the issues that have been rough to light from that tragedy led me through so much information I felt it was easiest to start at the beginning, with Hawaii’s history. I have worked diligently to try and provide an accurate and thorough picture of all the information I am sharing. However, if any information is incorrect, don't hesitate to contact me via email at jamie@flawedbydesignllc.com so I can make any needed corrections.

Introduction

Imagine sailing across the vast Pacific, guided by the stars and swells, when you catch the first scent of Earth mingled with salt in the ocean air. Soon, a sliver of green appears on the horizon, gradually transforming into lush mountains and shimmering beaches. You’ve arrived at what would later be known as Hawaii — a paradise on Earth, abundant with life, far removed from modernity’s grip. Long before it was a U.S. state, Hawaii was a complex society formed by Polynesian voyagers. This land, blessed by gods and goddesses in ancient myths, had its unique forms of governance, social structure, and cultural practices.

In this article, we dive deep into the history of Hawaii before the United States, exploring its roots and understanding the sophistication of pre-colonial Hawaiian society.

Despite its modern identity as a U.S. state renowned for idyllic landscapes and contemporary luxuries, Hawaii harbors a rich and complex history that predates American influence. This history stretches back to the days of its original Polynesian inhabitants — a civilization with a distinct society and governance structure that evolved independently over centuries. In exploring this often-overlooked pre-colonial period, we gain invaluable insights into the cultural depth and historical context that shaped Hawaii long before it became an American state.

Early Exploration and Settlement

The Polynesian Triangle

Nestled within the vast Pacific Ocean lies an area known as the Polynesian Triangle. Three points restrict this expansive region — Hawaii to the north, New Zealand (Aotearoa) to the southwest and Easter Island (Rapa Nui) to the southeast. Covering an area of over 10 million square miles, the Polynesian Triangle serves as an immense geographic theater where cultures, languages, and histories converge yet maintain their unique distinctions.

Hawaii, situated at the northern apex of this triangle, serves as a cultural and navigational beacon for the more incredible Polynesian world. The islands were not merely a random discovery but a targeted exploration led by Polynesian voyagers with advanced navigational skills. Understanding Hawaii’s place within the Polynesian Triangle is not just an exercise in geography; it’s a delve into a world that was interconnected long before Western maps marked these islands as remote.

By appreciating Hawaii’s position within the Polynesian Triangle, we can better comprehend the sophisticated navigational techniques and cultural sharing that marked this ancient network of island societies. Such an understanding brings into focus Hawaii’s significance — a culture not isolated but deeply interlinked with a larger Polynesian context. This society thrived long before the arrival of Western explorers or American colonizers.

Navigation Skills

When it comes to maritime navigation, few could rival the skills of early Polynesian voyagers. These were not aimless wanderers but accomplished navigators who could read the night sky like a map and understand ocean currents and any modern oceanographer. Utilizing techniques such as celestial navigation, they relied upon the sun, moon, and stars to steer their courses. Their intimate knowledge of constellations like the Southern Cross and the star paths that cut across the ocean helped them undertake journeys spanning thousands of miles across the open sea.

Remarkably, these voyagers also used natural cues that are often overlooked today — reading cloud formations, interpreting the color of the ocean, and even observing the behavior of sea birds and marine life to guide them to land. They honed a technique called “wave piloting,” which involved reading wave patterns to understand how they interacted with islands and underwater topography.

The wisdom behind their navigation was passed down through generations, often reserved for those chosen to master this crucial skill. The navigational knowledge was considered so precious that it was often closely guarded. It was taught only to a select few who underwent rigorous training and rites of passage. Oral traditions, chants, and other mnemonic devices were used to encode this complex information, allowing it to be transmitted across generations.

Understanding the extraordinary navigation skills of early Polynesian voyagers underscores the purposeful nature of their expeditions. They didn’t merely stumble upon Hawaii; they set forth with intent and arrived through mastery, laying the foundations for a society that would later flourish in isolation yet remain interconnected with a broader Polynesian world.

Settlement

After navigating the vast expanses of the Pacific Ocean, Polynesian voyagers made landfall on what is now known as the Hawaiian Islands. According to radiocarbon dating, the early settlers are believed to have arrived in Hawaii sometime between 800 and 1300 AD. This was no small feat; it required immense bravery and resilience, as these voyagers had to traverse around 2,400 miles from the nearest island group, the Marquesas Islands.

Once on land, the Polynesians set about creating a new home, bringing their navigational prowess, plants, animals, and a way of life that would form the bedrock of Hawaiian society. They introduced staple crops like taro, breadfruit, and sweet potato, which would later become integral to Hawaiian cuisine and culture. Alongside the flora, they brought animals such as pigs, chickens, and dogs to support their new communities.

As they settled into their new homes, they began to adapt their existing governance and social organization systems to fit their new environment. Land divisions known as “ahupua’a” were established — these were wedge-shaped areas that often extended from the mountains to the sea, ensuring that each community had access to various resources.

Community, spirituality, and respect for nature were foundational aspects of this new society. The settlers built religious structures known as heiau and established various cultural practices that celebrated their gods and ancestral spirits. These rituals and beliefs were integral in forming a cohesive society that thrived despite the challenges of island life.

The settlement of Hawaii by the Polynesians was not accidental but a testament to human courage, ingenuity, and adaptability. The early communities they established were meticulously planned and sophisticated, reflecting a deep understanding of their environment and an innate ability to adapt and thrive.

Social Structure

Caste System

In pre-colonial Hawaii, society was organized into a complex caste system that revolved around four primary classes: Ali’i (chiefs), Kahuna (priests or skilled experts), Maka‘āinana (commoners), and Kauā (outcasts).

The Ali’i were the ruling chiefs, often dominating land and people. They were considered of divine descent and held political and religious authority. Below them were the Kahuna, who served as priests, skilled artisans, or experts in specialized fields like navigation and medicine. The Kahuna had immense social influence and were consulted for important decisions.

The bulk of the population was made up of the Maka‘āinana, or commoners. They were the labor force responsible for farming, fishing, and other manual labor. Although not vested with the power that the Ali’i or Kahuna held, the Maka‘āinana had an essential role in society and were considered the backbone of the community.

At the bottom of the social pyramid were the Kauā, or outcasts. These individuals were often prisoners of war, lawbreakers, or people who had broken taboos. They lived on the fringes of society and had limited social and economic opportunities.

Family Structure

At the core of Hawaiian society was the concept of ‘ohana, or family. In traditional Hawaiian culture, ‘ohana extended beyond just immediate family to include extended relatives. The ‘ohana was a self-sufficient unit responsible for the welfare of each of its members, emphasizing the values of cooperation, support, and communal living.

The ‘ohana played an indispensable role in social, economic, and spiritual activities. Land and resources were often managed communally within the family, and religious ceremonies and social gatherings were family affairs. This focus on extended family fostered a sense of community and interdependence crucial for survival in the isolated island environment.

Religion and Spirituality

Belief Systems

In the heart of the Pacific Ocean, the ancient Hawaiians crafted a rich tapestry of religious beliefs that continue to resonate today. The pantheon of gods and goddesses was central to their spirituality, each governing different elements, activities, or phenomena.

• Kū: Known as the god of war and politics, Kū was often invoked for success in conflict and establishing social order.
• Kanaloa: Representing the ocean and associated realms, Kanaloa was a counterpart to Kāne in many myths and was called upon for voyages and fishing.
• Lono: The god of fertility, agriculture, and peace, Lono was deeply revered, especially during the annual Makahiki festival, which celebrated his contributions to the land and people.
• Kāne: Considered the highest of the four major gods, Kāne represented life and all associated with it, from freshwater to sunlight.

These deities were not just figments of mythology but active components in the daily lives of Hawaiians. They were honored through prayers, offerings, and rituals that imbued life with spiritual significance.

Kapu System

Equally integral to Hawaiian spirituality was the Kapu system, a complex set of religious laws that governed everything from social interactions to dietary restrictions. Derived from the word “taboo,” Kapu regulated the conduct of men and women, chiefs and commoners alike. The penalties for violating these taboos were severe, often resulting in exile or death.

The Kapu system was more than just a religious doctrine; it was a societal framework that helped maintain the stability and order of the community. Kapu reinforced the intricate social hierarchies and family structures that defined early Hawaiian life by creating a set of norms and expectations around which the society could coalesce.

Governance

Role of Ali’i

In pre-colonial Hawaiian society, governance was highly centralized, with much of the power concentrated in the hands of the Ali’i, or chiefs. These Ali’i were often of divine descent and wielded political and spiritual authority. Their responsibilities ranged from managing land and resources to presiding over religious ceremonies and even leading in warfare. The Ali’i were not merely figureheads but active, decisive leaders who shaped the course of their communities.

Council of Chiefs

Even though the Ali’i held substantial authority, they rarely made isolated decisions. Instead, they were advised by a Council of Chiefs, comprising other high-ranking Ali’i and Kahuna (priests or experts). This council provided checks and balances, ensuring that the ruling Ali’i’s decisions were well-calibrated and reflected the broader interests of the community.

Land Division: The ‘Ahupua’a System

Land management in pre-colonial Hawaii was notably advanced, particularly illustrated by the ‘ahupua’a system. This land division cuts across different ecological zones, usually from the mountains to the sea. The ‘ahupua’a ensured that communities had access to various resources, from fertile soil for farming to fishing grounds, making for a sustainable and self-sufficient lifestyle.

This system was more than just a practical way to divide land; it was a social contract that dictated resource rights and responsibilities, thereby maintaining a delicate ecological balance. Each ‘ahupua’a was managed by a lesser Ali’i, who was responsible for its resources and the well-being of its inhabitants.

Economic Activities

Subsistence Economy

While the notion of an “economy” in a modern sense may not perfectly apply to ancient Hawaii, the people of these islands were experts at resource management. A subsistence economy primarily based on fishing, taro cultivation, and small-scale animal husbandry sustained them.

• Fishing: Hawaiians had a deep knowledge of ocean currents, fish migration patterns, and seasonal changes, allowing them to be adept fishermen. Fishing wasn’t just a means of sustenance. Still, it is a highly respected practice involving rituals and specific knowledge passed down through generations.
• Taro Cultivation: Taro, a root crop, was the backbone of the Hawaiian diet. It was cultivated in water-logged fields and served as a starchy food staple, often prepared as ‘poi.’
• Animal Husbandry: While less dominant than fishing and taro farming, small-scale animal husbandry involving pigs and chickens contributed to the diversity of available food resources.

Trading

Trade was an essential aspect of economic life in ancient Hawaii. Although self-sufficiency was the norm, inter-island trade was common for goods not naturally occurring on specific islands. For example, an island abundant in volcanic rock might trade with another rich within a particular type of wood or shell. This exchange was for material goods and encompassed knowledge, skills, and sometimes even marriage alliances to strengthen community social bonds.

Cultural Practices and Innovations

Hula and Mele

In ancient Hawaii, history wasn’t just recorded through oral tradition or artifacts; it was danced and chanted. Hula, the traditional Hawaiian dance, and Mele, the art of chanting, were essential to preserving history, genealogy, and mythology. These performances weren’t merely entertainment but deeply spiritual practices that connected Hawaiians to their ancestors and the gods. Hula dancers, adorned in meticulously crafted attire, moved to tell stories. At the same time, Mele chants were often poetic narratives capturing the essence of events, places, or cultural wisdom.

The Arts

Besides Hula and Mele, other art forms like lauhala weaving and tattooing also held significant roles in Hawaiian society.

• Lauhala Weaving: Extracted from the leaves of the hala tree, lauhala was used to weave various goods like mats, baskets, and even roofing. The craft of lauhala weaving was a specialized skill, often taught within families and passed down through generations.
• Tattooing: Tattoos were not mere adornments but a form of self-expression and identity. Each tattoo had a specific meaning and was often a rite of passage. The art of tattooing, or kakau, was considered sacred, and the patterns and designs were chosen carefully to reflect an individual’s role, status, or personal history.

Interaction with Outsiders Before U.S. Influence

Explorers

While most people associate Hawaii with the United States, it’s crucial to remember that the islands had their share of interactions with outsiders before becoming a U.S. territory. Notable explorers like Captain James Cook were among the first to document their encounters with Hawaii, landing on the islands in 1778. Other Europeans and traders also came into contact with Hawaiians, exchanging goods and sometimes religious and cultural beliefs.

Initial Effects

The interactions with outsiders were a mixed blessing for Hawaiians. On the one hand, these early encounters opened Hawaii to new goods and technologies, including metal tools and firearms, which profoundly impacted their way of life. On the other hand, they also introduced foreign diseases like smallpox, influenza, and tuberculosis, to which Hawaiians had no immunity. The ensuing epidemics decimated the native population and led to social disruptions. Moreover, the gradual influence of outsiders threatened the indigenous culture and governance structures, setting the stage for more significant changes, especially with the future involvement of the United States.

Summary

As we’ve explored, the history of Hawaii doesn’t begin with its annexation by the United States. Instead, it stretches back centuries, involving a complex tapestry of social structures, economic activities, religious beliefs, and cultural practices. From adept fishing techniques to intricate systems of governance and spiritual practices like the Kapu system, pre-colonial Hawaii was a society with its own unique identity, deeply interconnected with its natural environment.

Closing Thoughts

Understanding the depth and complexity of Hawaii’s pre-colonial past is not an academic exercise; it’s a crucial foundation for understanding the islands’ present and future. Whether we talk about the societal issues, cultural preservation, or the implications of modern governance, these can all be better grasped when contextualized within the broader arc of Hawaiian history. Knowledge of the past can inform debates on everything from land use to cultural preservation and offer lessons far beyond Hawaii’s shores.

About the Author

Jamie Hairston, M.S. (Christian Counseling of Substance Abuse and Addictive Disorders)

Jamie is a former addiction counselor who now writes fiction about substance abuse and mental health issues. She has authored two short novels in her Memoirs of a Black Sheep series and a series she co-authors, The Borderline Chronicles, on Amazon Kindle Vella. Jamie has also formed her own small publishing company, Flawed By Design Publishing LLC, where she produces her published works and offers other writing and media services.

Flawed by Design is a woman-owned, veteran-owned business for those who seek a writing coach, editor, or proofreader.